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C1 – Unit 6 – Essential grammar and vocabulary

UNIT 6

WORD LIST

AS OPPOSED TO (PP) USED TO SAY THAT TWO THINGS ARE DIFFERENT.

BAD-HAIR DAY (NP) A DAY WHEN YOUR HAIR LOOKS BAD AND YOU DO NOT FEEL ATTRACTIVE.

BE/GET CAUGHT UP IN SOMETHING (VP) TO BE OR FEEL INVOLVED IN SOMETHING OR OBSESSED.

CATCH SOMEONE UNPREPARED (VP) TO DISCOVER SOMEONE IN A STATE IN WHICH THEY ARE NOT PREPARED.

DRAW SOMEONE IN (V) TO ATTRACT SOMEONE TO SOMETHING AND MAKE THEM LOOK AT IT CLOSELY.

ENDLESS SUPPLY (ADJ+N) A VERY LARGE SUPPLY OF SOMETHING THAT NEVER SEEMS TO END.

A FAIR NUMBER OF SOMETHING (NP) QUITE A LOT OF SOMETHING.

FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT SOMETHING (VP) TO HAVE A VERY DEFINITE OPINION ABOUT SOMETHING.

FLATTERING (ADJ) MAKING YOU LOOK MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN YOU REALLY ARE.

FROM THE OUTSET (PP) FROM THE BEGINNING.

FROM A SHELTERED BACKGROUND (PP) SOMEONE WITH LITTLE EXPERIENCE, WHO HAS BEEN PROTECTED BY PARENTS.

FROM A TECHNICAL POIINT OF VIEW (PP) CONSIDERING THE SKILLS THAT ARE NEEDED FOR SOMETHING.

GRIMACE (V) TO MAKE AN EXPRESSION OF PAIN, STRONG DISLIKE ETC. IN WHICH THE FACE IS TWISTED IN AN UGLY WAY.

HAVE A GOOD EAR (VP) TO BE GOOD AT HEARING OR REPEATING A PARTICULAR TYPE OF SOUND.

IN RANDOM ORDER (PP) IN NO PARTICULAR ORDER, SHOWING NO PLAN OR SYSTEM.

LEAK OUT (V) TO ESCAPE.

MAP SOMETHING OUT (V) TO DRAW A DETAILED MAP OR PLAN OF SOMETHING.

NOT LEAST (ADV) ESPECIALLY.

OUT OF INTEREST (PP) DOING SOMETHING BECAUSE YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IT AND NO OTHER REASON.

PASS OVER SOMETHING/SOMEONE (V) TO IGNORE SOMETHING OR NOT GIVE ATTENTION TO IT.

SCRATCH A LIVING (VP) TO ONLY JUST EARN ENOUGH MONEY TO PROVIDE YOURSELF WITH THE MOST BASIC THINGS.

SPARK SOMETHING OFF(V) TO CAUSE THE START OF SOMETHING.

TAKE ON A CHARACTER OF ITS OWN (VP) IT IS SO INTERESTING AND UNUSUAL THAT YOU NOTICE IT BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE.

TEASE OUT SOMETHING (V) TO MANAGE TO REVEAL SOMETHING THAT IS HIDDEN.

TURN OUT(V) TO HAPPEN IN A PARTICULAR WAY.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ARE A TYPE OF MULTI-WORD VERB. THEY ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM THE OTHER TYPE OF MULTI-WORD VERB –THE PHRASAL VERB- FIRST, BY THE FACT THAT THEIR PARTICLES ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS SECOND, BY THE FACT THAT THEY DO NOT ALLOW OPTIONAL OBJECT INSERTION AND THIRDLY BY THE FACT THAT PARTICLES IN PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ARE ALWAYS PREPOSITIONS WHEREAS THE PARTICLES IN PHRASAL VERBS ARE ALWAYS ADVERBS.

A PREPOSITIONAL VERB IS AN IDIOM WHICH CONSISTS OF A VERB FOLLOWED BY A PREPOSITION.

BASIC VERB: TO LOOK

PREPOSITIONAL VERB: TO LOOK FOR

A PREPOSITION

A PREPOSITION LINKS NOUNS OR PRONOUNS TO OTHER WORDS IN A SENTENCE. THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT THE PREPOSITION INTRODUCES IS CALLED THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.

AN ADVERBIAL PARTICLE

AN ADVERBIAL PARTICLE MODIFIES THE BASIC VERB. BOTH PARTICLES AND PREPOSITIONS EXTEND THE MEANING OF THE BASIC VERB TO CREATE A NEW MEANING.

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ARE TRANSITIVE: THEY REQUIRE AN OBJECT. THIS OBJECT IS GENERALLY STATED, BUT SOMETIMES JUST IMPLIED OR INFERRED.
MOST PREPOSITIONAL VERBS CONSIST OF AN INTRANSITIVE ROOT VERB + A PARTICLE.
SOME PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ARE FORMED BY USING A TRANSITIVE VERB AND A PARTICLE.
OFTEN THE PARTICLE TANSFORMS AN INTRANSITIVE VERB INTO A TRANSITVE VERB.

E.G. LOOK/LOOK AT/LOOK FOR/

WAIT/WAIT FOR

COME/COME THROUGH

THE PARTICLE IS NOT REALLY PART OF THE VERB, BUT AN ESSENTIAL LINK BETWEEN AND ITS STATED OR IMPLIED OBJECT.
THESE VERBS ARE USUALLY INSEPARABLE, MEANING THAT THE VERB AND THE PARTICLE GENERALLY STAND TOGETHER

El inglés, fundamental para graduarte

Cada día es más frecuente que las personas salgan al extranjero para acceder a un puesto de trabajo, especialmente los jóvenes, que terminan sus estudios con una excelente formación.

Sin embargo, hasta hace poco, la normativa educativa no daba demasiada importancia a los idiomas. Pero eso es algo que cambió en 2010 gracias la implantación definitiva del Plan Bolonia.

Éste persigue la integración de todos los estudiantes en Europa. Para ello exige un nivel mínimo de un segundo idioma, generalmente el inglés. Los universitarios españoles enmarcados dentro del Plan Bolonia deben obtener un nivel B1 para conseguir su título universitario.

Comprensión y expresión, a prueba

El nivel B1 o PET (Preliminary English Test) es el título previo al conocido First Certificate in English y representa un nivel intermedio de conocimiento del idioma. La prueba para obtener el B1 consiste en tres partes:

- Reading + Writing: 90 minutos durante los que el examinado tendrá que demostrar su comprensión lectora y su expresión escrita.

- Listening: ejercicio de 30 minutos en el que hay que demostrar la habilidad para comprender mensajes de voz.

- Speaking: consiste en una conversación libre de 15 minutos con el examinador.

Un paso adelante hacia Europa

Este requisito del Plan Bolonia reforzará sin duda la movilidad en Europa y proporcionará mayor acceso a puestos de trabajo internacionales. Además, está previsto que en un futuro no muy lejano se exija el nivel B2, algo que ya está sucediendo en otros países.

En Swift English te ayudamos a preparar exámenes de inglés para que obtengas no sólo el título universitario, sino unas competencias lingüísticas que marcarán la diferencia.

B2 – UNIT 6 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

UNIT 6

WORD LIST

ALERT (ADJ) QUICK TO SEE, UNDERSTAND ANBD ACT IN A PARTICULAR SITUATION.

BRANCH (N) ONE OF THE PARTS OF A TREE THAT GROWS OUT FROM THE MAIN TRUNK AND HAS LEAVES, FRUIT AND FLOWERS.

CLEARING (N) AN AREA OF WOOD OR FOREST FROM WHICH TREES AND BUSHES HAVE BEEN REMOVED.

CROP (N) A PLANT SUCH AS A GRAIN, FRUIT, OR VEGETABLE THAT IS GROWN IN LARGE AMOUNTS BY FARMERS.

DEBATE (N) A SERIOUS DISCUSSION OF A SUBJECT IN WHICH MANY PEOPLE TAKE PART.

ENDANGERED SPECIES (N) A TYPE OF ANIMAL THAT MAY SOON NOT EXIST BECAUSE THERE ARE VERY FEW ALIVE NOW.

EXHAUST FUMES (N) THE WASTE GAS FROM A VEHICLE’S ENGINE?

GO AHEAD (V) TO GO SOMEWHERE BEFORE THE OTHER PEOPLE YOU ARE WALKING OR TRAVELLING WITH.

GROUND (V) IF AIRCRAFT ARE GROUNDED, THEY ARE PREVENTED FROM FLYING OR ORDERED NOT TO FLY

HABITAT (N) THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH AN ANIMAL OR PLANT USUALLY LIVE.

IDLY (ADV) WITHOUT ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE?

IN THE WILD (N) IN NATURAL CONDITIONS, INDEPENDENT OF HUMANS.

KEEPER (N) A PERSON WHO TAKES CARE OF ANIMALS IN A ZOO.

LEVEL (N) THE HEIGHT OF SOMETHING.

LITTER (N) SMALL PIECES OF RUBBISH THAT HAVE BEEN LEFT LYING AROUND ON THE GROUND IN PUBLIC PLACES.

MACHETE (N) A LARGE KNIFE WITH A WIDE BLADE USED FOR CUTTING TREES OR PLANTS OR AS A WEAPON.

NATURE RESERVE (N) AN AREA OF LAND WHICH IS PROTECTED IN ORDER TO KEEP ANIMALS AND PLANTS SAFE.

PLAY A PART (V) TO HELP TO ACHIEVE SOMETHING.

POLLUTION (N) DAMAGE CAUSED TO WATER, AIR ETC. BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES OR WASTE.

REMOTE (ADJ) DESCRIBES AN AREA, HOUSE OR VILLAGE THAT IS A LONG WAY FROM TOWNS OR CITIES.

SCRAMBLE (V) TO MOVE OR CLIMB QUICKLY BUT WITH DIFFICULTY, OFTEN USING YOUR HANDS TO HELP YOU.

SLIP (V) TO GO SOMEWHERE OR DO SOMETHING QUICKLY, OFTEN SO THAT YOU ARE NOT NOTICED.

SNEEZE (V) WHEN AIR AND WATER DROPLETS SUDDENLY EXIT THE NOSE AND MOUTH IN AN UNCONTROLLABLE WAY.

SNIFF (V) TO SMELL SOMETHING BY TAKING AIR IN THROUGH YOUR NOSE.

SQUAT (V) TO POSITION YOURSELF CLOSE TO THE GROUND WITH YOUR LEGS BENT UNDER YOUR BODY.

SURFACE (N) THE OUTER OR TOP PART OR LAYER OF SOMETHING.

THREAT (N) SOMEONE OR SOMETHING THAT IS LIKELY TO CAUSE HARM OR DAMAGE.

WANDER (V) TO WALK AROUND SLOWLY IN A RELAXED WAY OR WITHOUT ANY PURPOSE OR DIRECTION.

WATCHFUL (ADJ) PAYING CAREFUL ATTENTION AND READY TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE

TENSE	USE	EXAMPLE
FUTURE SIMPLE	WITH THINGS THAT ARE NOT CERTAIN, WITH I THINK, I HOPE, I EXPECT, PROBABLY AND MAYBE.	SHE WILL PROBABLY PHONE LATER. I THINK IT WILL BE WARMER NEXT WEEK.
	PREDICTIONS FOR THE FUTURE	THE CLIMATE WILL CHANGE. SEA LEVELS WILL RISE.
	WILL CAN ALSO BE USED TO:MAKE REQUESTSMAKE PROMISESMAKE OFFERS EXPRESS A DECISION MADE AT THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING.	WILL YOUHELP ME WITHMY HOMEWORK?I WON’T FORGET TO GIVE YOU A PRESENT.I’LL BUY YOU A SANDWICH IF YOU ARE HUNGRY. THAT’S THE PHONE RINGING – I’LL GET IT!
GOING TO FUTURE	1. PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE WITH EVIDENCE.	YOUR WORK IS SO GOOD THAT I THINK YOU ARE GOING TO GET A GRADE A.LOOK AT THE CLOUDS! I THINK IT IS GOING TO SNOW.
	2. FUTURE PLANS AND INTENTIONS	HE’S GOING TO PHONE YOU TOMORROW. HE IS GOING TO UNIVERSITY.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR THE FUTURE.	THINGS ARRANGED BETWEEN PEOPLE	I’M SEEING THE DENTIST TOMORROW.
PRESENT SIMPLE	EVENTS FIXED ON A TIMETABLEONLY A FEW VERBS ARE USED IN THIS WAY: OPEN, CLOSE, BEGIN, END, START, FINISH, ARRIVE, LEAVE, DEPARTS, TAKES OFF.	THE FLIGHT TO MADRID TAKES OFF AT SIX.OUR TRAIN LEAVES AT TEN.

FUTURE PERFECT

THE FUTURE PERFECT EXPRESSES THE IDEA THAT SOMETHING WILL OCCUR BEFORE ANOHER ACTION IN THE FUTURE.

BY NEXT YEAR, I WILL HAVE RECEIVED MY PROMOTION.

THINGS COMPLETED BEFORE A TIME MENTIONED IN THE FUTURE

HE WILL HAVE MADE A MILLION EUROS BY THE TIME HE IS 25.

B1 – UNIT 6 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

UNIT 6

WORD LIST

ADMISSION (N) THE MONEY THAT YOU PAY TO ENTER A PLACE.

V-NECK (N) A V SHAPED OPENING FOR YOUR NECK.

AUDIENCE (N) THE PEOPLE WHO SIT AND WATCH A PERFORMANCE.

BUTTON (N) A SMALL ROUND OBJECT USED TOFASTEN CLOTHES.

CARTOON (N) A FILM MADE USING CHARACTERS THAT ARE DRAWN.

CHAT SHOW (N) A TELEVISION PROGRAMME WHERE QUESTIONS ARE ASKED.

COMEDY SERIES (N) A GROUP OF FUNNY TV PROGRAMMES.

COTTON (N) CLOTH PRODUCED FROM THE COTTON PLANT.

DOCUMENTARY (N) A TVFILM ABOUT REAL PEOPLE AN SITUATIONS.

EARRING (N) A PIECE OF JEWELLERY THAT YOUR WEAR ON YOUR EAR.

FASHIONABLE (ADJ) POPULAR AT A PARTICULAR TIME.

FIND OUT (V) TO GET INFORMATION ABOUT SOMETHING.

GET TO KNOW (V) TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING.

HANDBAG (N) A BAG CARRIED BY A WOMAN.

INTERVAL (N) SHORT PERIOD OF TIME BETWEEN THE PARTS OF A PLAY.

KNOW (V) TO BE FAMILIAR WITH A PERSON, PLACE OR THING.

LIVE (ADJ) A PERFORMANCE IS DONE WITH AN AUDIENCE.

MEET (V) TO SEE AND SPEAK TO SOMEONE FOR THE FIRST TIME.

THE NEWS (N) THE ANNONCEMENT OF IMPORTANT EVENTS ON TV OR RADIO.

OLD-FASHIONED (ADJ) NOT MODERN.

PATTERNED (ADJ) WITH A DESIGN OF LINES, SHAPES, COLOURS ETC.

PERFORMANCE (N) ACTING, SINGING, DANCING OR PLAYING MUSIC TO ENTERTAIN.

POCKET (N) A SMALL BAG FIXED IN TROUSERS, JACKETS OR THE BACKS OF SEATS.

PURSE (N) A SMALL CONTAINER FOR MONEY USUALLY USED BY WOMEN.

QUIZ-SHOW (N) TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAMME IN WHICH YOU ANSWER QUESTIONS.

REVIEW (N) A REPORT IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE WHICH GIVES OPINIONS ABOUT BOOKS.

ROUND NECK (N) A CIRCULAR SHAPED OPENING FOR YOUR NECK ON A PIECE OF CLOTHING.

SLEEVE (N) THE PART OF YOUR JACKET OR SHIRT COVERING YOUR ARM.

SLEEVELESS (ADJ) DESCRIBES A PIECE OF CLOTHING WITH NO SLEEVES.

STRIPED (ADJ) WITH A PASTTERN OF STRIPES.

SUBTITLES (N) WORDS SHOWN AT THE BOTTOM OF A CINEMA OR TV SCREEN EXPLAING WHAT IS SAID.

SWEATER (N) A WARM PIECE OF CLOTHING WHICH COVERS THE TOP PART OF THE BODY.

TIGHT (ADJ) FITTING YOUR BODY VERY CLOSELY.

VENUE (N) A PLACE WHERE A SPORTS GAME OR SPECIAL EVENT IS SITUATED.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO CONNECT THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT.

IT IS USED TO DESCRIBE SOMETHING WHICH STARTED IN THE PAST AND:

HAS A CONNECTION WITH THE PRESENT: I HAVE FINISHED ALL MY EXAMS (SO IAM VERY HAPPY NOW).
CONTINUES INTO THE PRESENT: I HAVE LIVED HERE FOR 5 YEARS (AND I STILL LIVE HERE NOW).

TIME EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY USED WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT

JUST – A SHORT TIME AGO, QUITE RECENTLY

YET – UNTIL NOW IS USED IN QUESTION FORMS AND NEGATIVES.

ALREADY – USED IN POSITIVE SENTENCES TO INDICATE THAT SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED.

FOR – USED FOR AN AMOUNT OF TIME

SINCE – USED WITH A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME

EVER – AT ANY TIME, USED IN QUESTION FORMS

NEVER – NOT AT ANY TIME, USED IN NEGATIVE SENSE

UP TO NOW – TILL NOW

UNTIL NOW – TILL NOW

SO FAR – TILL NOW

LATELY – RECENTLY

ADVERBS OF TIME

WE OFTEN USE THE ADVERBS: JUST ALREADY AND YET WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT TO TALK ABOUT THINGS THAT HAVE HAPPENED BEFORE NOW AND HAVE A CONNECTION WITH THE PRESENT.

WE USE JUST TO TALK ABOUT THINGS THAT HAPPENED A SHORT TIME AGO: I HAVE JUST EATEN (I ATE ASHORT TIME AGO).
WE USE ALREADY TO SAY SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED, OFTEN SOONER THAN EXPECTED. “DO PAGE 23 FOR HOMEWORK!”

“WE HAVE ALREADY DONE THAT PAGE.” (THAT PAGE IS FINISHED NOW SO WE DON’T NEED TO DO IT AGAIN).

NOTE: THESE TWO ADVERBS NORMALLY GO IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SENTENCE, BETWEEN HAVE AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE:

I HAVE JUST BOUGHT SOME NEW TRAINERS.

SHE HAS ALREADY READ THAT BOOK.

WE OFTEN USE YET IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES WHEN WE EXPECT SOMETHING TO HAPPEN. IT MEANS UNTIL NOW: “HAVE YOU SEEN THE NEW BOND FIL M YET?” “NO, I HAVEN’T SEEN IT YET”. (I HAVEN’T SEEN THE FILM AT A TIME BEFORE NOW BUT I EXPECT I WILL GO).

NOTE: YET NORMALLY GOES AT THE END OF THE QUESTION OR SENTENCE: “HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?” “NO, I HAVEN’T FINISHED YET?”

WE OFTEN USE THE ADVERBS SINCE AND FOR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT TO TALK ABOUT A TIOME THAT STARTED JN THE PAST AND CONTINUES INTO THE PRESENT.

· WE USE SINCE TO TALK ABOUT THE BEGINNING OF A PERIOD OF TIME:

NOAM CHOMSKY HAS WRITTEN MANY BOOKS SINCE 1960

· WE USE FOR TO TALK ABOUT THE WHOLE PERIOD OF TIME:

NOAM CHOMSKY HAS WRITTEN MANY BOOKS FOR OVER 50 YEARS.

NOTE: BEEN AND GONE

THEY HAVE GONE TO SPAIN ON HOLIDAY. (THEY ARE IN SPAIN NOW)

THEY HAVE BEEN TO SPAIN. (THEY WENT TO SPAIN AND THEY HAVE COME BACK)

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

*PRESENT PERFECT*	*PAST SIMPLE*
*WE NORMALLY USE PRESENT PERFECT WHEN:*	*WE NORMALLY US PAST SIMPLE WHEN:*
WE ARE THINKING ABOUT THE PAST AND THE PRESENT:	WE ARE THINKING ONLY ABOUT THE PAST:
I HAVE BROKEN MY ARM SO I CAN’T DO MY MATHS EXAM.	I BROKE MY ARM WHEN I WAS RIDING MY BIKE.
JO HAS BOUGHT A TICKET FOR THE CONCERT TONIGHT.	DAVE BOUGHT 2 TICKETS LAST WEEK.
WE ARE NOT INTERESTED WHEN THIS ACTION HAPPENED, BUT WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE RESULT NOW:	WE ARE INTERESTED WHEN THIS ACTION HAPPENED:
I LOST MY KEYS YESTERDAY (AND I COULDN’T OPEN MY DOOR)	I HAVE LOST MY KEYS (AND NOW I CAN’T OPEN MY DOOR).
I HAVE FINISHED MY HOMEWORK (SO I DON’T HAVE TO DO IT NOW).	I DID MY HOMEWORK LAST NIGHT.

WE CAN ALSO USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO:

WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE:

TALK ABOUT EXPERIENCES OVER TIME THAT STARTED WHEN THESE EXPERIENCES HAPPENED OVER A PERIOD IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES UNTIL NOW, BUT WE DON’T SAY WHEN:

PAST: JRR TOLKIEN WROTE THE LORD OF THE RINGS (HE WON’T WRITE MORE BECAUSE HE IS DEAD).

JK ROWLING HAS WRITTEN 7 BOOKS (SHE MAY WRITE MORE).

I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO JAPAN (UNTIL NOW, BUT I MAY GO IN THE FUTURE).

WHEN I WAS IN ASIA, I VISITED JAPAN (I AM NOT THERE NOW).

WE CAN ALSO USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO GIVE NEWS:

WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE TO ADD MORE DETAILS:

RAFA NADAL HAS WON AGAIN.

HE BEAT ROGER FEDERER.

I HAVE HAD MY HAIR CUT.

I WENT TO THAT NEW HAIRDRESSER’S.

C1 – UNIT 5 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

C1 – UNIT 5

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

BE IN TWO MINDS ABOUT SOMETHING (PP) TO HAVE DIFFICULTY MAKING A DECISION.

BE ON THE MEND (PP) YOUR HEALTH IS IMPROVING AFTER AN ILLNESS OR AN INJURY.

BURST ITS BANKS (VP) THE WATER IN A RIVER GETS SO HIGH THAT IT SPREADS AND FLOODS THE LAND.

CRYSTAL CLEAR (ADJ) VERY CLEAR.

DROP OFF (TO SLEEP) (V) TO START TO FALL ASLEEP.

THE EMERGENCY SERVICES (N) THE ORGANISATIONS WHO DEAL WITH ACCIDENTS AND URGENT PROBLEMS:FIRE, POLICE ETC.

GASP FOR BREATH (VP) TO BREATH LOUDLY AND WITH DIFFICULTY TRYING TO GET MORE AIR.

HAVE A FLASHBACK (VP) TO HAVE A SUDDEN MEMORY OF SOMETHING BAD THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST.

HEAD FOR SOMETHING (V) TO MOVER TOWARDS SOMETHING.

IN THE DISTANCE (PP) A LONG WAY AWAY.

IN EXCESS OF (PP) MORE THAN.

KEEP AN EYE ON SOMETHING (VP) TO WATCH OR LOOK AFTER SOMETHING.

KEEP UP WITH SOMETHING (V) TO MANAGE TO DO WORK AS IT IS GIVENAND NOT BE LATE IN DOING WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO.

KEEP YOUR FINGERS CROSSED (VP) SOMETHING PEOPLE DO FOR LUCKHOPING THAT THINGS WILL HAPPEN THE WAY THEY WISH.

LOOK ON THE BRIGHT SIDE (VP) TO FIND GOOD THINGS IN A BAD SITUATION.

LOSE YOUR NERVE (VP) TO SUDDENLY BECOME FRIGHTENED AND UNABLE TO DO SOMETHING.

MAKE A DIFFERENCE (VP) TO HAVE A GOOD EFFECT ON A SITUATION.

PULL SOMEONE´S LEG (VP) TO TRY TO MAKE SOMEONE BELIEVE SOMETHING THAT IS NOT TRUE AS A JOKE.

PULL OVER (V) A VEHICLE MOVING TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD AND STOPPING.

RISK YOUR LIFE (VP) TO DO SOMETHING SO DANGEROUS THAT YOU COULD DIE.

SAVE SOMEONE´S LIFE (VP) TO DO SOMETHING TO PREVENT SOMEONE DYING.

SETTLE UP (V) TO PAY SOMEONE THE MONEY YOU OWE THEM.

STAB SOMEONE IN THE BACK (VP) TO DO SOMETHING HARMFUL TO SOMEONE WHO TRUSTED YOU.

TAKE SOMEONE TO COURT (VP) TO TAKE LEGAL ACTION AGAINST SOMEONE.

TURN A BLIND EYE TO SOMETHING (VP) TO PRETEND NOT TO NOTICE OR IGNORE SOMETHING THAT YOU KNOW IS WRONG.

C1 – UNIT 5

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

INFINITIVES AND VERB + -ING FORMS

INFINITIVES

THE INFINITIVE IS USED:

TO SAY WHY YOU DO SOMETHING: I HAVE JUST BEEN RUNNING TO GET SOME EXERCISE.
TO SAY WHY SOMETHING EXISTS: THERE IS AN EXAMPLE TO HELP YOU.
AFTER TOO AND ENOUGH: IT IS TOO COLD TO GO SWIMMING TADAY. HE ISN’T GOOD ENOUGH TO MAKE THE TEAM.

THE INFINITIVE IS USED AFTER THESE VERB PATTERNS.

VERB + TO INFINITIVE: SHE AGREED TO MEET HIM AFTER WORK
AGREE, APPEAR,BEGIN,BOTHER,DECIDE, DEMAND,FAIL,HOPE,LEARN,MANAGE,OFFER,PLAN,REFUSE,SEEM, BE SUPPOSED,THREATEN

VERB + (SOMEBODY/SOMETHING) + TO INFINITIVE: SHE EXPECTED TO WIN THE RACE

ASK, CHOOSE, EXPECT, HELP, INTEND, WANT, PROMISE

VERB + SOMEBODY/SOMETHING + TO INFINITIVE: THE MONEY ENABLED HIM TO GO TO UNIVERSITY.

ADVISE ALLOW ENABLE ENCOURAGE REMIND FORBID FORCE INVITE ORDER TEACH TELL PERMIT PERSUADE RECOMMEND WARN.

VERB +-ING

THE VERB + -ING IS USED:

AFTER PREPOSITIONS: HE HAS MADE A LOT OF FRIENDS BY JOINING THE TENNIS CLUB.

WE WATCHED A FILM ABOUT CLIMBING IN MOUNTAINS.

AS SUBJECTS OR OBJECTS OF A SENTENCE: CLIMBING IS SAFER THAN IT LOOKS. HE DECIDED TO TAKE UP RACING.

THE VERB + -ING IS USED AFTER THESE VERBS: ADMIT APPRECIATE AVOID CELEBRATE CONSIDER DELAY DENY DISLIKE ENJOY IMAGINE INVOLVE KEEP MIND MISS POSTPONE PRACTICE REGRET RISK STOP SUGGEST.

I REALLY ENJOYED WINNING THAT MATCH.

SHE SUGGESTED PLAYING A GAME OF FOOTBALL.

B2 – UNIT 5 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

B2 – UNIT 5

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

ACHIEVE (V) TO SUCCEED IN FINISHING SOMETHING OR REACHING A GOAL.

APPRECIATE (V) TO RECOGNIZE THAT SOMETHING IS VALUABLE.

APPROACH (V) A WAY OF CONSIDERING OR DOING SOMETHING.

ASPECT (N) ONE PART OF A SITUATION, PROBLEM OR SUBJECT.

BARRIER (N) ANYTHING THAT PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM BEING TOGETHER OR UNDERSTANDING EACH OTHER.

BILINGUAL (ADJ) THE ABILITY OF A PERSON TO USE TWO LANGUAGES.

CANCEL (V) TO DECIDE THAT AN ORGANISED EVENT WILL NOT HAPPEN.

CHALLENGE (N) SOMETHING THAT IS DIFFICULT AND THAT TESTS SOMEONE’S ABILITY AND DETERMINATION

CLASSMATE (N) SOMEONE WHO IS IN THE SAME CLASS AS YOU AT SCHOOL.

CULTURE (N) THE WAY OF LIFE, CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS OF A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE.

FLATMATE (N) A PERSON WHO SHARES THE SAME APARTMENT WITH ANOTHER PERSON.

FLY BY (V) IF A PERIOD OF TIME FLIES BY, IT SEEMS TO PASS QUICKLY.

FOCUS ON SOMETHING (V) TO GIVE A LOT OF ATTENTION TO ONE PARTICULAR SUBJECT OR THING.

FRUSTRATED (ADJ) FEELING ANNOYED OR LESS CONFIDENT BECAUSE YOU CANNOT ACHIEVE WHAT YOU WANT.

GET TO KNOW (V) TO SPEND TIME WITH SOMEONE OR SOMETHING SO THAT YOU GRADUALLY LEARN MORE ABOUT THEM.

HOMESICK (ADJ) UNHAPPY BECAUSE OF BEING AWAY FROM HOME FOR A LONG PERIOD.

HOSPITALITY (N) WHEN PEOPLE ARE FRIENDLY AND WELCOMING TO GUESTS AND VISITORS.

IMMERSE YOURSELF IN SOMETHING (V) TO BECOME COMPLETELY INVOLVED IN SOMETHING.

INDEPENDENT (ADJ) NOT NEEDING ANYTHING ELSE TO HELP YOU OR DO THINGS FOR YOU.

INITIAL (ADJ) OF OR AT THE BEGINNING.

INTENSIVE (ADJ) INVOLVING A LOT OF EFFORT.

MARKED (ADJ) DESCRIBES A CHANGE OR DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR THAT IS OBVIOUS AND NOTICEABLE.

MASTER (V) TO LEARN HOW TO DO SOMETHING WELL.

OVERHEAR (V) TO HEAR WHAT OTHER PEOPLE ARE SAYING WITHOUT INTENDING TO AND WITHOUT THEIR KNOWLEDGE.

QUALIFICATION (N) AN OFFICIAL RECORD SHOWING THAT YOU HAVE FINISHED A TRAINING COURSE.

REMIND (V) TO MAKE SOMEONE THINK OF SOMETHING THEY HAVE FORGOTTEN OR MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTEN.

RESEARCH (N) A DETAILED STUDY OF A SUBJECT, ESPECIALLY IN ORDER TO DISCOVER INFORMATION.

SCARE (V) TO CAUSE SOMEONE TO BE FRIGHTENED.

THEORETICAL (ADJ) BASED ON THE IDEAS THAT RELATE TO A SUBJECT.

UNIQUE (ADJ) BEING THE ONLY EXISTING ONE OF ITS TYPE OR GENERALLY UNUSUAL AND SPECIAL IN SOME WAY.

B2 – UNIT 5

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

ZERO, FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS

WE USE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TO TALK ABOUT POSSIBLE SITUATIONS OR ACTIONS (IF…) AND THE POSSIBLE RESULTS OF THIS SITUATION OE ACTION:

NOTE: IF THE SITUATION COMES FIRST, A COMMA IS USED. IF THE RESULT COMES FIRST, NO COMMA IS USED.

CONDITIONALS ARE OFTEN DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES:

TYPE 0 OR ZERO CONDITIONAL

IF+PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT TENSE: IF OUR TEAMS WINS A MATCH, OUR COACH IS HAPPY. (=HE IS HAPPY EVERY TIME WE WIN.)

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL IS USED TO TALK ABOUT THINGS WHICH ARE ALWAYS GENERALLY TRUE.

TYPE 1 OR FIRST CONDITIONAL

IF+PRESENT TENSE, FUTURE: IF OUR TEAM WINS THIS MATCH, WE WILL WIN THE COMPETITION. (=I THINK THE TEAM COULD WIN.)

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL IS USED TO TALK ABOUT A REAL POSSIBILITY IN THE FUTURE.

TYPE 2 OR SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF+PAST TENSE, WOULD+INFINITIVE: IF OUR TEAM WON ALL THE MATCHES, WE WOULD BE THE CHAMPIONS! (=I DON’T THINK WE WILL WIN ALL THE MATCHES.)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL IS USED WHEN THE SPEAKER IS IMAGINING A SITUATION THAT WILL PROBABLY NOT HAPPEN.

WHEN DECIDING WHETHER TO USE THE FIRST OR SECOND CONDITIONAL, YOU NEED TO THINK ABOUT WHETHER EACH SITUATION IS A REAL POSSIBILITY OR NOT FOR YOU:

IF IT RAINS AT THE WEEKEND, I WILL GO TO THE CINEMA. (=I THINK IT COULD RAIN.)

IF IT RAINED IN THE DESERT, PLANTS WOULD GROW. (I AM SURE IT WON’T RAIN.)

WHEN, IF, UNLESS + PRESENT, FUTURE

WE CAN USE WHEN IF OR UNLESS TO TALK ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF THINGS HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE:

WE USE WHEN FOR THINGS WE ARE SURE WILL HAPPEN: WHEN I GET HOME, I WILL WATCH TV. (I AM SURE I WILL GET HOME.)

WE USE IF FOR THINGS THAT MAY HAPPEN: IF I GET HOME BEFORE 8 PM, I WILL WATCH THE FILM. (I AM NOT SURE I WILL GET HOME BEFORE 8 PM BUT IT IS POSSIBLE.)

UNLESS CAN GENERALLY REPLACE IF…NOT AND MEANS EXCEPT IF: I WILL WATCH THE FILM UNLESS I GET HOME TOO LATE.

(=I WILL WATCH THE FILM IF I DON’T GET HOME TOO LATE / I PLAN TO WATCH THE FILM EXCEPT IF I GET HOME TOO LATE.)

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

WHEN WE ASK FOR INFORMATION, WE SOMETIMES USE INDIRECT QUESTIONS TO SOUND MORE POLITE.

EXPRESSIONS USED TO INTRODUCE INDIRECT QUESTIONS INCLUDE:

I WAS WONDERING, I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, COULD YOU TELL ME, ETC.

DIRECT QUESTION: ‘WHERE DO YOU LIVE?’,‘WHAT ARE YOU DOING LATER?’, ‘HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?’

INDIRECT QUESTION: I WAS WONDERING WHERE YOU LIVE. COULD YOU TELL ME WHAT YOU ARE DOING LATER. I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF YOU HAVE FINISHED YET.

AS FOR REPORTED QUESTIONS, WHEN A DIRECT QUESTION BECOMES PART OF A LONGER, INDIRECT QUESTION, WE MAKE THE FOLLOWING CHANGES:

CHANGE THE WORD ORDER IN THE DIRECT QUESTION TO THE SAME AS A NORMAL SENTENCE:

DIRECT QUESTION: ‘HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED HERE?’

INDIRECT QUESTION: I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW HOW LONG YOU HAVE LIVED HERE.

DO NOT USE DO, DOES OR DID AS AN AUXILIARY VERB:

DIRECT QUESTION: ‘DO YOU PLAY TENNIS EVERY DAY?’

INDIRECT QUESTION: COULD YOU TELL ME IF YOU PLAY TENNIS EVERY DAY?

ALSO, AS FOR REPORTED SPEECH, WE USE THE SAME QUESTIONS WORDS (WHAT, WHERE, WHEN ETC.) BUT IF THERE IS NO QUESTION WORD, WE USE IF OR WHETHER:

DIRECT QUESTION ‘WHERE DID YOU GO?’ INDIRECT QUESTION I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHERE YOU WENT.

HOWEVER, UNLIKE IN REPORTED QUESTIONS, IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS:

THE TENSE STAYS THE SAME:

DIRECT QUESTION: ‘WILL HE LEAVE SOON?’

INDIRECT QUESTION: I WAS WONDERING IF HE WILL LEAVE SOON.

WE USE A QUESTION MARK WHEN THE INTRODUCTORY EXPRESSION IS A QUESTION:

COULD YOU TELL ME WHERE THE BANK IS?

WE USE A FULL STOP WHEN THE INTRODUCTORY QUESTION IS NOT A QUESTION:

I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHERE THE BANK IS.

B1 – UNIT 5 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

B1 – UNIT 5

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

AMAZED (ADJ) EXTREMELY SURPRISED.

AMUSING (ADJ) MAKING YOU LAUGH OR SMILE.

ANGER (N) A STRONG NEGATIVE FEELING AGIANST SOMEONE.

ANNOYED (ADJ) SLIGHTLY ANGRY.

ASHAMED (N) FEELING GUILTY OR EMBARRASSES ABOUT SOMETHING.

AWFUL (ADJ) VERY BAD, OF LOW QUALITY, OR UNPLEASANT.

BORED (ADJ) FEELING UNINTERESTED OR TIRED WITH NOTHING TO DO.

CHEERFUL (ADJ) HAPPY.

CRAZY ABOUT (ADJ) LOVING OR BEING VERY INTERESTED IN.

DELIGHTED (ADJ) VERY PLEASED

DEPRESSED (ADJ) VERY UNHAPPY, OFTEN FOR A LONG TIME.

DISSAPOINTED (ADJ) UNHAPPY BECAUSE SOMETHING NOT AS GOOD AS EXPECTED.

EMBARRASSING (ADJ) MAKING YOU FEEL EMBARRASSED.

EMOTIONAL (ADJ) HAVING AND SHOWING STRONG FEELINGS.

EXCITING (ADJ) FEELING VERY HAPPY AND ENTHUSIASTIC.

FANTASTIC (ADJ) VERY GOOD.

FEAR (N) STRONG UNPLEASANT FEELING ABOUT SOMETHING DANGEROUS OR RIGHTENING.

FOND (ADJ) EXPRESSING OR CAUSING HAPPY FEELINGS.

FRIGHTENING (ADJ) MAKING YOU FEEL AFRAID AND NERVOUS.

GENEROUS (ADJ GIVING OTHER PEOPLE YOUR TIME AND MONEY.

GET ON WELL WITH SOMEONE (V) TO LIKE AND BE FRIENDLY TO SOMEONE.

GET TOGETHER (V) TO MEET TO DO SOMETHING OR SPEND TIME TOGETHER.

GRATEFUL (ADJ) FEELING OR SHOWING THANKS.

HABIT (N) SOMETHING YOU DO REGULARLY, ALMOST WITHOUT THINKING ABOUT IT.

JEALOUSY (N) JEALOUS FEELINGS.

KEEN (ADJ)WANTING TO DO SOMETHING VERY MUCH.

MEAN (ADJ) A MEAN PERSON DOES NOT LIKE SPENDING MONEY, ESPECIALLY ON OTHER PEOPLE.

MISERABLE (ADJ) VERY UNHAPPY.

MOVE AWAY (V) TO GO TO A DIFFERENT PLACE TO LIVE.

NEGATIVE (ADJ) NOT HAVING POSITIVE ENTHUSIASTIC OPINIONS.

ORDINARY (ADJ) NOT SPECIAL OR UNUSUAL IN ANY WAY.

POSITIVE (ADJ) FEELING HAPPY ABOUT LIFE AND ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT THE FUTURE.

PROUD (ADJ) FEELING PLEASED ABOUT SOMETHING YOU HAVE DONE, YOU OWN OR SOMEONE YOU KNOW.

RELAXED (ADJ) FEELING HAPPY AND COMFORTABLE.

REMIND (V) TO MAKE SOMEONE REMEMBER SOMETHING.

SERIOUS (ADJ) A QUIET PERSON WHO DOES NOT LAUGH.

UPSET (ADJ) UNHAPPY OR WORRIED.

B1 – UNIT 5

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

MODAL VERBS:

1. TO SAY SOMEONE HAS OR HASN’T ABILITY, WE USE CAN, CAN’T, COULD AND COULDN’T:

FRANK CAN SPEAK MANY LANGUGES BUT HE CAN’T SPEAK ENGLISH YET.

AS A CHILD, HE COULD PLAY MANY INSTRUMENTS BUT HE COULDN’T PLAY THE VIOLIN.

2.TO EXPRESS POSIBILITY ABOUT THE PRESNT OR THE FUTURE, WE USE MAY, MIGHT OR COULD:

I MAY COME AND VISIT YOUR NEXT SUMMER.

WE MIGHT GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING IF WE FINISH ON TIME.

WE SHOULD GO OUT FOR A WALK NOW BECAUSE IT COULD RAIN LATER.

(WE US MAY NOT AND MIGHT NOT FOR THE NEGATIVE NOT CAN’T OR COULDN’T, WHICH EXPRESS CERTAINTY)

FRANK IS LOOKING VERY PALE: HE MAY NOT BE VERY WELL.

DON’T COOK ANY DINNER FOR ME BECAUSE I MIGHT NOT BE BACK IN TIME.

3.TO GIVE SOMEONE ADVICE WE USE SHOULD OR, LESS OFTEN OUGHT TO:

YOU SHOULD GET A NEW PAIR OF SHOES.

YOU OUGHT TO HAVE A REST NOW.

SHOULDN’T IS MORE COMMON IN THE NEGATIVE THAN OUGHTN’T: YOU SHOULDN’T WORK SO HARD.

WE OFTEN USE SHOULD (AND OCCASIONALLY OUGHT TO) TO TALK ABOUT THE RIGHT THING TO DO:

I SHOULD DO MY HOMEWORK INSTEAD OF PLAYING FOOTBALL.

4.TO EXPRESS OBLIGATION, WE USE MUST AND HAVE TO:

YOU MUST BE QUIET.

I HAVE TO GO NOW.

WE USE MUST WHEN THE OBLIGATION IS SOMETHING WE AGREE WITH.

TEACHER TO STUDENT: YOU MUST HAND IN YOUR HOMEWORK ON MONDAY.

WE USE HAVE TO WHEN THE OBLIGATION COMES FROM SOMEONE ELSE: I HAVE TO MEET MY GIRLFRIEND ON SATURDAY.

WE USE MUST FOR STRONG ADVICE, YOU MUST BE CAREFUL WHEN YOU ARE DRIVING.

5.TO EXPRESS PROHIBITION WE USE MUSTN’T:

YOU MUSTN’T GO IN THERE – IT SAYS ‘NO ENTRY!’

YOU MUSTN’T SPEAK DURING THE EXAM – IT IS FORBIDDEN.

DO NOT USE (DON’T HAVE TO) TO EXPRESS PROHIBITION:

YOU MUSTN’T USE YOUR MOBILE PHONE IN CLASS (NOT PERMITTED). COMPARE THIS WITH: YOU DON’T HAVE TO USE YOUR MOBILE PHONE IN CLASS TO SPEAK TO YOUR FRIEND. LOOK! HE IS SITTING OVER THERE (NOT NECESSARY).

NEVER USE MUSTN’T ABOUT THE PAST. FOR PROHIBITION IN THE PAST WE USE NOT ALLOWED TO:

WE WEREN’T ALLOWED TO SPEAK.

FOR SOMETHING THAT WASN’T NECESSARY, WE OFTEN USE DIDN’T HAVE TO:

JOHN GAVE ME A TICKER FOR THE CONCERT, SO I DIDN’T HAVE TO PAY A PENNY.

TO SAY THERE IS NO OBLIGATION, OT IT IS NOT NECESSARY, WE USE DONT HAVE TO OR NEEDN’T:

YOU DON’T HAVE TO LEARN ALL THE WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY.

YOU NEEDN’T LEARN ALL THE VOCABULARY.

MEANINGS OF MODAL VERBS

THE MAIN FUNCTION OF MODAL VERBS IS TO ALLOW THE SPEAKER OR WRITER TO EXPRESS OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES ON VARIOUS THEMES. THESE ATTITUDES CAN COVER A WIDE RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES INCLUDING:

OBLIGATION

ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERMISSION

DISAPPROVAL

ADVISING,

LOGICAL DEDUCTION

ABILITY

POSSIBILITY

NECESSITY

ABSENCE OF NECESSITY

THE PROBLEM WITH EACH MODAL VERB IS THAT IT CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING AND THE INTERPRETATION OF A PARTICULAR MODAL WILL DEPEND HEAVILY ON THE CONTEXT IN WHICH IT IS BEING USED.

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES SHOULD ILLUSTRATE THIS POINT:

IT MIGHT TAKE MORE THAN TWO WEEKS. (POSSIBILITY)

YOU MIGHT HAVE TOLD ME ABOUT THE PROBLEM! (DISAPPROVAL)

HE MUST TAKE HIS MEDICINE THREE TIMES A DAY. (OBLIGATION)

HE MUST BE FRENCH (LOGICAL DEDUCTION)

I CAN’T LIFT THAT SUITCASE BY MYSELF (ABILITY)

THAT CAN’T BE THE RIGHT ANSWER. (LOGICAL DEDUCTION)

MAY I LOOK AT THE QUESTIONS NOW? (PERMISSION)

THEY SAY IT MAY SNOW TOMORROW. (POSSIBILITY)

SOME OF THE MORE COMMON DEFINITIONS OF MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH ARE THE FOLLOWING:

CAN – ABILITY, POSSIBILITY PERMISSION, POSSIBILITY REQUEST

COULD – ABILITY, PERMISSION, POSSIBILITY REQUEST, SUGGESTION

MAY – PERMISSION, PROBABILITY REQUEST

MIGHT – POSSIBILITY, PROBABILITY, SUGGESTION

MUST – DEDUCTION, NECESSITY, OBLIGATION, PROHIBITION

SHALL – DECISION, FUTURE, OFFER, QUESTION, SUGGESTION

SHOULD – ADVICE, NECESSITY, PREDICTION, RECOMMENDATION, DEDUCTION, CONCUSION

WILL – DECISION, FUTURE, INTENTION, OFFER, PREDICTION, PROMISE, SUGGESTION

WOULD – CONDITIONAL, HABIT, INVITATION, PERMISSION, PREFERENCE, REQUEST, QUESTION, SUGGESTION

ADJECTIVES WITH -ED AND-ING

THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT ADJECTIVES WHICH CAN BE FORMED WITH –ED OR –ING.

ADJECTIVES WITH –ED EXPRESS HOW THE PERSON FEELS ABOUT SOMETHING:

SHE WAS TERRIFIED AS DRACULA APPROAHED HER.

ADJECTIVES WITH –ING ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE PERSON OR THING WHICH PRODUCES THE FEELING:

THERE IS A SURPRISING ARTICLE IN TODAY’S NEWSPAPER. (I FELT SURPRISED WHEN I READ IT).

COMMON ADJECTIVES LIKE THIS INCLUDE:

AMAZED	AMAZING
AMUSED	AMUSING
ANNOYED	ANNOYING
BORED	BORING
DEPRESSED	DEPRESSING
DISAPPOINTED	DISAPPOINTING
DISGUSTED	DISGUSTING
EMBARRASSED	EMBARRASSING
EXCITED	EXCITING
INTERESTED	INTERESTING
RELAXED	RELAXING
SURPRISED	SURPRISING

B2 – UNIT 3 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

B2 UNIT 3

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

Adapt (v) to change something to suit different conditions or uses.

Bare (adj) If a cupboard is bare there is little or nothing in it.

Compartment (n) one of the seperate areas inside a vehicle, especially a train.

Dismantle (v) to take something apart so that it is many pieces.

Document (n) a paper or set of papers with written or printed information, especially of an official type.

Endure (v) to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful.

Epic (adj) describes events that happen over a long period and involve a lot of action.

Excursion (n) a short journey usually made for pleasure, often by a group of people.

Fake (adj) not real, but made to look or seem real.

Gust (n) a sudden strong wind.

Holdall (adj) a small case used for carrying clothes and personal things when travelling.

Host (n) someone who has guests.

In style (n) If you admire something in style, you do it in a way that people admire, usually spending a lot of money.

Involve (v) If a situation or activity involves something, that thing is a necessary part of it.

Luxury (n) great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things.

Mood (n) The way you feel at a particular time.

Novelty (n) something which has not been experienced before and is so interesting.

Overnight (adj) for or during the night.

Packed (adj) completely full

Panel (n) a flat, usually rectangular part, or piece of wood, metal, cloth, etc., that fits into or onto something larger.

Privacy (n) the state of being alone.

Proclamation (n) a definite statement

Route (n) a particular way or direction between places.

Screwdriver (n) a tool for turning screws, consisting of a handle joined to a metal rod shaped at one end to fit in the cut in the top of a screw.

Snack (n) a small amount of food that is eaten between meals, or a very small meal.

Snatch (v) to take hold of something suddenly and roughly.

Sweaty (adj) covered in sweat or smelling of sweat.

Unspoilt (adj) An unspoilt place is beautiful because it has not been changed or damaged by people.

Wildlife(n) animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions.

Witness (v) to see something happen, especially and accident or a crime.

B2 – UNIT 3

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

PAST SIMPLE, PAST CONTINUOUS, AND USED TO

The past simple is used for:

actions or events in the past: I visited Egypt last year.
actions or events which happened on after another: I saw the Pyramids, then I went round the Cairo Museum and later I went to a traditional restaurant.
things which happened for a long time in the past: She lived in Zaragoza for ten years from 1992 to 2002.

The past continuous is used for:

an activity which started before and continued until an event in the past. He was driving to work when his car broke down.
an activity which started before and continued after an event in the past. I was watching TV when the news was announced.

Used to is used for:

situations or states in the past which are not true now: He used to be in the army but now he is a teacher.
repeated activities or habits in the past which do not happen now: She used to run in the London Marathon every year until she injured her leg.

Note:

Used to is a verb which is only used in the past: She used to run in the Marathon. Did you use to run in the Marathon? I did not use to run in the Marathon.
To talk about habits in the present, use the present simple with an adverb like usually, every day, etc.: I usually drink tea with my lunch. He catches the same train every day.

PAST PERFECT TENSES

The past perfect simple is used:

to indicate that we are talking about something which happened before something which is described in the past simple: When he got to the station, his train had already left. Compare this with: When he got to the station, his train left. This indicates that the train left at the time he arrived.
typically with time expressions like: when, as soon as, after, before, etc.: She started driving before he had fastened his seat belt.
often with these adverbs: already, just, never: He had never eaten steak and kidney pie until he came to England.

The past perfect continuous is also used

to indicate that we are talking about something which happened before something which is described in the past simple, but it:
focuses on the length of time: Mandy needed a walk because she had been sitting down all day.
says how long something happened up to a point in the past: It was two months before any of the teachers noticed that Paul had not been coming to school. He had been playing for Arsenal for only two games when he scored his first goal.

B1 – UNIT 4 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

B1 UNIT 4

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

Boiling (adj) very hot

Calm (adj) peaceful and quiet

Crowded (adj) very full of people

Deep (adj) having a long distance from the top to the bottom

Department store (n) a large shop divided into several different parts which sell different types of things

Dull (adj) not interesting

Empty (adj) If something is empty, it does not contain anything

Enormous (adj) extremely large

Extremely (adv) very, or much more than usual

Filthy (adj) extremely dirty

Flat (adj) smooth and level, with no curved, high, or hollow parts

Fountain (n) a structure that forces water up into the air as a decoration

Freezing (adj) very cold

Hilly (adj) having lots of hills

Journey (n) when you travel from one place to another

Lively (adj) full of energy and interest

Market (n) a place where people go to buy or sell things, often outside

Narrow (adj) Narrow things measure a small distance from one side to the other

Noisy (adj) Noisy people or things make a lot of noise

Port (n) a town or an area of a town next to the water where ships arrive and leave from

Shallow (adj) not deep

Shopping Centre (n) a place where a lot of shops have been built close together

Snorkel (n) a tube that you use to help you breathe if you are swimming with your face under water

Snowboard (n) a large board that you stand on to move over snow

Souvenir (n) something which you buy or keep to remember a special event or holiday

Sunbathe (v) to sit or lie in the sun so that your skin becomes brown

Take photos (v) to produce a picture using a camera

Tiny (adj) extremely small

Tourist office (n) a building where someone who visits a place for pleasure can get information.

Town Hall (n) a large building where local government is based

Travel (v) to make a journey

Travel (n) the activity of travelling

Trek (n) a long, difficult journey that you make by walking

Trip (n) a journey in which you visit a place for a short time and come back again

Youth club (n) an organisation for young people who want to take part in sport or social activity together, or the building they use for this

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

WE USE A COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE TO COMPARE TWO PEOPLE OR THINGS AND TO SAY THAT ONE THING HAS MORE (OR LESS) OF A QUALITY (SIZE, HEIGHT, ETC.) THAN THE OTHER: A BLUE WHALE IS HEAVIER THAN AN ELEPHANT. MOUNT EVEREST IS HIGHER THAN K2.

WE USE A SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE TO COMPARE ONE PERSON OR ONE THING WITH ALL THOSE IN THE SAME GROUP AND TO SAY THAT THIS THING HAS THE MOST (OR THE LEAST) OF A QUALITY. THERE ARE MANY HIGH MOUNTAINS BUT MOUNT EVEREST IS THE HIGHEST.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

SUPERLATIVES ADJECTIVES

We add -er to one-syllable adjectives i.e. deep, high, tall. The Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Atlntic.
We add-er to two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -ly i.e. noisy, friendly. My brother is friendlier than me.
We use more to form the comparative of most other two-syllable adjectives. Gold is more expensive than silver.
After the adjective we usually put than.
The adjectives good, bad, and far, form irregular comparisons.
We can sometimes use less instead of more: A mobile phone is normally less expensive than a laptop.

We add -est to one-syllable adjectives: The giraffe is the tallest animal in the world.
We add-est to two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -ly. The blue whale is the heaviest animal in the world.
We use most to form the superlative of two- syllable adjectives: The mosquito is the most dangerous creature in the world.
Before the adjective we usually put the.
The adjectives good, bad and far, form irregular superlatives
We can sometimes use least instead of most: This mobile phone is the least expensive.

Regular
adjective	comparative	superlative	Rule
deep	deeper	deepest	most adjectives add -er or -est
			Adjectives ending in:
safe	safer	safest	-e add -r or -st
noisy	noisier	noisiest	-y change to -i add -er or -est
big	bigger	biggest	one vowel + one consonant double the last consonant, add -er or -est
Irregular
good bad far	better worse farther/further	best worst farthest/furthest	irregular

B2 – UNIT 4 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

B2 UNIT 4

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

Aim (v) to intend

Airy (adj) with a lot of light and space

Attitude (n) a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this

Bunch (n) a group of people

Cage(n) a space surrounded on all sides by bars or wire, in which animals or birds are kept

Combination (n) the mixture you get when two or more things are ombined

Cosy (adj) comfortable and pleasant, especially because small and warm

Curriculum (n) the group of subjects studied in a school

Diet (n) the food and drink usually eaten or drunk b y a person or group

Edible (adj) suitable or safe for eating

Experimental (adj) experiencing and observing different methods or situations in orer to discover what the result will be

Feature (v) to include someone or something as an important part

Flavour (n) how a food or drink tastes, or a particular taste itself

Funds (n) money needed or available to spend on something

Historic (adj) important or likely to be important in history

Ingredient (n) a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish

Intiative (n) a new ation or movement, often intended to solve a problem

Isolated (adj) feeling unhappy because of not seeing or talking to other people

Nutrition (n) the substances that you take into your body as food and the way that they influence your health

Organic (adj) not using artificial chemicals in the growing of plants and animals for food and other products

Range (n) a set of similar things

Recipe (n) a set of instructions telling you how to prepare and cook food, including a list of what food is needed for this

Seafood (n) animals from the sea that can be eaten especially fish or sea animals with shells

Supply (v) to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities and over a long period of time

Talkative (adj) talking a lot

Tasty (adj) describes food which has a strong and pleasant flavour

Tuition (n) teaching, especially when given to a small group or one person, such as in a college or university

Value for money (n) If something is value for money, it is a good quality or there is a lot of it so you think the amount of money you spent on it was right

Variety (n) many different types of things or people

Warn (v) to make someone realise a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future

B2 – UNIT 4

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

SO AND SUCH

So and such mean very, extremely: That was so kind of you! You have such a beautiful house.
So and such are used to talk about cause and effect: He was so late that he missed the beginning of the exam. She gave such a good performance that she won an Oscar.

So + adjective or adverb (+ that) :

He was so nervous before the exam that he couldn´t sleep at all.
That remark was just so silly.
He cooks so well that I think he will win the competition.

SUCH

Such + adjective + uncountable noun / plural noun (+ that):

She has such nice children!
Switzerland has such spectacualr scenery that we always choose it for our holidays.

So + much /many/few/little + noun (+ that):

We had so little money left at the end of our holiday that we had to sleep at the station.
Marta makes so many mistakes when she is speaking!

Such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun: (+ that):

Why did you come in such an old pair of jeans?
It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go for a picnic.

Such a lot of

Elena has got such a lot of friends that the telephone never stops ringing.

TOO AND ENOUGH

Too means more than is needed or wanted: She is too old to join the police.

Enough means as much as is necessary or needed: Have we got enough eggs to make a cake?

TOO

ENOUGH

Too + adjective (+ noun)+ (for somebody) (+infinitive):

He is too young to drive.
That suitcase is too heavy for me to lift.

Too + adverb +(for somebody) (+infinitive)

You are driving too dangerously. Please slow down.

Too much / too many + noun +(for somebody) (+infinitive)

They bought too much food for us to eat.
I have received too many emails to answer.

Adjective/adverb + enough+(for somebody) (+infinitive):

This coffee is not warm enough! Please heat it up again.
Franz did not answer the questions convincingly enough to get the job.
That hotel is not smart enough for her

Enough + noun + (for somebody) (+infinitive):

Have you got enough money to get to London?
There is not enough cake in the cupboard for me to give some to everyone.