B1 – UNIT 5 – ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

B1 – UNIT 5

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

AMAZED (ADJ) EXTREMELY SURPRISED.

AMUSING (ADJ) MAKING YOU LAUGH OR SMILE.

ANGER (N) A STRONG NEGATIVE FEELING AGIANST SOMEONE.

ANNOYED (ADJ) SLIGHTLY ANGRY.

ASHAMED (N) FEELING GUILTY OR EMBARRASSES ABOUT SOMETHING.

AWFUL (ADJ) VERY BAD, OF LOW QUALITY, OR UNPLEASANT.

BORED (ADJ) FEELING UNINTERESTED OR TIRED WITH NOTHING TO DO.

CHEERFUL (ADJ) HAPPY.

CRAZY ABOUT (ADJ) LOVING OR BEING VERY INTERESTED IN.

DELIGHTED (ADJ) VERY PLEASED

DEPRESSED (ADJ) VERY UNHAPPY, OFTEN FOR A LONG TIME.

DISSAPOINTED (ADJ) UNHAPPY BECAUSE SOMETHING NOT AS GOOD AS EXPECTED.

EMBARRASSING (ADJ) MAKING YOU FEEL EMBARRASSED.

EMOTIONAL (ADJ) HAVING AND SHOWING STRONG FEELINGS.

EXCITING (ADJ) FEELING VERY HAPPY AND ENTHUSIASTIC.

FANTASTIC (ADJ) VERY GOOD.

FEAR (N) STRONG UNPLEASANT FEELING ABOUT SOMETHING DANGEROUS OR RIGHTENING.

FOND (ADJ) EXPRESSING OR CAUSING HAPPY FEELINGS.

FRIGHTENING (ADJ) MAKING YOU FEEL AFRAID AND NERVOUS.

GENEROUS (ADJ GIVING OTHER PEOPLE YOUR TIME AND MONEY.

GET ON WELL WITH SOMEONE (V) TO LIKE AND BE FRIENDLY TO SOMEONE.

GET TOGETHER (V) TO MEET TO DO SOMETHING OR SPEND TIME TOGETHER.

GRATEFUL (ADJ) FEELING OR SHOWING THANKS.

HABIT (N) SOMETHING YOU DO REGULARLY, ALMOST WITHOUT THINKING ABOUT IT.

JEALOUSY (N) JEALOUS FEELINGS.

KEEN (ADJ)WANTING TO DO SOMETHING VERY MUCH.

MEAN (ADJ) A MEAN PERSON DOES NOT LIKE SPENDING MONEY, ESPECIALLY ON OTHER PEOPLE.

MISERABLE (ADJ) VERY UNHAPPY.

MOVE AWAY (V) TO GO TO A DIFFERENT PLACE TO LIVE.

NEGATIVE (ADJ) NOT HAVING POSITIVE ENTHUSIASTIC OPINIONS.

ORDINARY (ADJ) NOT SPECIAL OR UNUSUAL IN ANY WAY.

POSITIVE (ADJ) FEELING HAPPY ABOUT LIFE AND ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT THE FUTURE.

PROUD (ADJ) FEELING PLEASED ABOUT SOMETHING YOU HAVE DONE, YOU OWN OR SOMEONE YOU KNOW.

RELAXED (ADJ) FEELING HAPPY AND COMFORTABLE.

REMIND (V) TO MAKE SOMEONE REMEMBER SOMETHING.

SERIOUS (ADJ) A QUIET PERSON WHO DOES NOT LAUGH.

UPSET (ADJ) UNHAPPY OR WORRIED.

B1 – UNIT 5

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

MODAL VERBS:

1. TO SAY SOMEONE HAS OR HASN’T ABILITY, WE USE CAN, CAN’T, COULD AND COULDN’T:

FRANK CAN SPEAK MANY LANGUGES BUT HE CAN’T SPEAK ENGLISH YET.

AS A CHILD, HE COULD PLAY MANY INSTRUMENTS BUT HE COULDN’T PLAY THE VIOLIN.

2.TO EXPRESS POSIBILITY ABOUT THE PRESNT OR THE FUTURE, WE USE MAY, MIGHT OR COULD:

I MAY COME AND VISIT YOUR NEXT SUMMER.

WE MIGHT GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING IF WE FINISH ON TIME.

WE SHOULD GO OUT FOR A WALK NOW BECAUSE IT COULD RAIN LATER.

(WE US MAY NOT AND MIGHT NOT FOR THE NEGATIVE NOT CAN’T OR COULDN’T, WHICH EXPRESS CERTAINTY)

FRANK IS LOOKING VERY PALE: HE MAY NOT BE VERY WELL.

DON’T COOK ANY DINNER FOR ME BECAUSE I MIGHT NOT BE BACK IN TIME.

3.TO GIVE SOMEONE ADVICE WE USE SHOULD OR, LESS OFTEN OUGHT TO:

YOU SHOULD GET A NEW PAIR OF SHOES.

YOU OUGHT TO HAVE A REST NOW.

SHOULDN’T IS MORE COMMON IN THE NEGATIVE THAN OUGHTN’T: YOU SHOULDN’T WORK SO HARD.

WE OFTEN USE SHOULD (AND OCCASIONALLY OUGHT TO) TO TALK ABOUT THE RIGHT THING TO DO:

I SHOULD DO MY HOMEWORK INSTEAD OF PLAYING FOOTBALL.

4.TO EXPRESS OBLIGATION, WE USE MUST AND HAVE TO:

YOU MUST BE QUIET.

I HAVE TO GO NOW.

WE USE MUST WHEN THE OBLIGATION IS SOMETHING WE AGREE WITH.

TEACHER TO STUDENT: YOU MUST HAND IN YOUR HOMEWORK ON MONDAY.

WE USE HAVE TO WHEN THE OBLIGATION COMES FROM SOMEONE ELSE: I HAVE TO MEET MY GIRLFRIEND ON SATURDAY.

WE USE MUST FOR STRONG ADVICE, YOU MUST BE CAREFUL WHEN YOU ARE DRIVING.

5.TO EXPRESS PROHIBITION WE USE MUSTN’T:

YOU MUSTN’T GO IN THERE – IT SAYS ‘NO ENTRY!’

YOU MUSTN’T SPEAK DURING THE EXAM – IT IS FORBIDDEN.

DO NOT USE (DON’T HAVE TO) TO EXPRESS PROHIBITION:

YOU MUSTN’T USE YOUR MOBILE PHONE IN CLASS (NOT PERMITTED). COMPARE THIS WITH: YOU DON’T HAVE TO USE YOUR MOBILE PHONE IN CLASS TO SPEAK TO YOUR FRIEND. LOOK! HE IS SITTING OVER THERE (NOT NECESSARY).

NEVER USE MUSTN’T ABOUT THE PAST. FOR PROHIBITION IN THE PAST WE USE NOT ALLOWED TO:

WE WEREN’T ALLOWED TO SPEAK.

FOR SOMETHING THAT WASN’T NECESSARY, WE OFTEN USE DIDN’T HAVE TO:

JOHN GAVE ME A TICKER FOR THE CONCERT, SO I DIDN’T HAVE TO PAY A PENNY.

TO SAY THERE IS NO OBLIGATION, OT IT IS NOT NECESSARY, WE USE DONT HAVE TO OR NEEDN’T:

YOU DON’T HAVE TO LEARN ALL THE WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY.

YOU NEEDN’T LEARN ALL THE VOCABULARY.

MEANINGS OF MODAL VERBS

THE MAIN FUNCTION OF MODAL VERBS IS TO ALLOW THE SPEAKER OR WRITER TO EXPRESS OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES ON VARIOUS THEMES. THESE ATTITUDES CAN COVER A WIDE RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES INCLUDING:

OBLIGATION

ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERMISSION

DISAPPROVAL

ADVISING,

LOGICAL DEDUCTION

ABILITY

POSSIBILITY

NECESSITY

ABSENCE OF NECESSITY

 THE PROBLEM WITH EACH MODAL VERB IS THAT IT CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING AND THE INTERPRETATION OF A PARTICULAR MODAL WILL DEPEND HEAVILY ON THE CONTEXT IN WHICH IT IS BEING USED.

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES SHOULD ILLUSTRATE THIS POINT:

IT MIGHT TAKE MORE THAN TWO WEEKS. (POSSIBILITY)

YOU MIGHT HAVE TOLD ME ABOUT THE PROBLEM! (DISAPPROVAL)

HE MUST TAKE HIS MEDICINE THREE TIMES A DAY. (OBLIGATION)

HE MUST BE FRENCH (LOGICAL DEDUCTION)

I CAN’T LIFT THAT SUITCASE BY MYSELF (ABILITY)

THAT CAN’T BE THE RIGHT ANSWER. (LOGICAL DEDUCTION)

MAY I LOOK AT THE QUESTIONS NOW? (PERMISSION)

THEY SAY IT MAY SNOW TOMORROW. (POSSIBILITY)

 SOME OF THE MORE COMMON DEFINITIONS OF MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH ARE THE FOLLOWING:

CAN – ABILITY, POSSIBILITY PERMISSION, POSSIBILITY REQUEST

COULD – ABILITY, PERMISSION, POSSIBILITY REQUEST, SUGGESTION

MAY – PERMISSION, PROBABILITY REQUEST

MIGHT – POSSIBILITY, PROBABILITY, SUGGESTION

MUST – DEDUCTION, NECESSITY, OBLIGATION, PROHIBITION

SHALL – DECISION, FUTURE, OFFER, QUESTION, SUGGESTION

SHOULD – ADVICE, NECESSITY, PREDICTION, RECOMMENDATION, DEDUCTION, CONCUSION

WILL – DECISION, FUTURE, INTENTION, OFFER, PREDICTION, PROMISE, SUGGESTION

WOULD – CONDITIONAL, HABIT, INVITATION, PERMISSION, PREFERENCE, REQUEST, QUESTION, SUGGESTION

ADJECTIVES WITH -ED AND-ING

 THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT ADJECTIVES WHICH CAN BE FORMED WITH –ED OR –ING.

ADJECTIVES WITH –ED EXPRESS HOW THE PERSON FEELS ABOUT SOMETHING:

SHE WAS TERRIFIED AS DRACULA APPROAHED HER.

ADJECTIVES WITH –ING ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE PERSON OR THING WHICH PRODUCES THE FEELING:

THERE IS A SURPRISING ARTICLE IN TODAY’S NEWSPAPER. (I FELT SURPRISED WHEN I READ IT).

COMMON ADJECTIVES LIKE THIS INCLUDE: