UNIT 6
WORD LIST
ADMISSION (N) THE MONEY THAT YOU PAY TO ENTER A PLACE.
V-NECK (N) A V SHAPED OPENING FOR YOUR NECK.
AUDIENCE (N) THE PEOPLE WHO SIT AND WATCH A PERFORMANCE.
BUTTON (N) A SMALL ROUND OBJECT USED TOFASTEN CLOTHES.
CARTOON (N) A FILM MADE USING CHARACTERS THAT ARE DRAWN.
CHAT SHOW (N) A TELEVISION PROGRAMME WHERE QUESTIONS ARE ASKED.
COMEDY SERIES (N) A GROUP OF FUNNY TV PROGRAMMES.
COTTON (N) CLOTH PRODUCED FROM THE COTTON PLANT.
DOCUMENTARY (N) A TVFILM ABOUT REAL PEOPLE AN SITUATIONS.
EARRING (N) A PIECE OF JEWELLERY THAT YOUR WEAR ON YOUR EAR.
FASHIONABLE (ADJ) POPULAR AT A PARTICULAR TIME.
FIND OUT (V) TO GET INFORMATION ABOUT SOMETHING.
GET TO KNOW (V) TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING.
HANDBAG (N) A BAG CARRIED BY A WOMAN.
INTERVAL (N) SHORT PERIOD OF TIME BETWEEN THE PARTS OF A PLAY.
KNOW (V) TO BE FAMILIAR WITH A PERSON, PLACE OR THING.
LIVE (ADJ) A PERFORMANCE IS DONE WITH AN AUDIENCE.
MEET (V) TO SEE AND SPEAK TO SOMEONE FOR THE FIRST TIME.
THE NEWS (N) THE ANNONCEMENT OF IMPORTANT EVENTS ON TV OR RADIO.
OLD-FASHIONED (ADJ) NOT MODERN.
PATTERNED (ADJ) WITH A DESIGN OF LINES, SHAPES, COLOURS ETC.
PERFORMANCE (N) ACTING, SINGING, DANCING OR PLAYING MUSIC TO ENTERTAIN.
POCKET (N) A SMALL BAG FIXED IN TROUSERS, JACKETS OR THE BACKS OF SEATS.
PURSE (N) A SMALL CONTAINER FOR MONEY USUALLY USED BY WOMEN.
QUIZ-SHOW (N) TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAMME IN WHICH YOU ANSWER QUESTIONS.
REVIEW (N) A REPORT IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE WHICH GIVES OPINIONS ABOUT BOOKS.
ROUND NECK (N) A CIRCULAR SHAPED OPENING FOR YOUR NECK ON A PIECE OF CLOTHING.
SLEEVE (N) THE PART OF YOUR JACKET OR SHIRT COVERING YOUR ARM.
SLEEVELESS (ADJ) DESCRIBES A PIECE OF CLOTHING WITH NO SLEEVES.
STRIPED (ADJ) WITH A PASTTERN OF STRIPES.
SUBTITLES (N) WORDS SHOWN AT THE BOTTOM OF A CINEMA OR TV SCREEN EXPLAING WHAT IS SAID.
SWEATER (N) A WARM PIECE OF CLOTHING WHICH COVERS THE TOP PART OF THE BODY.
TIGHT (ADJ) FITTING YOUR BODY VERY CLOSELY.
VENUE (N) A PLACE WHERE A SPORTS GAME OR SPECIAL EVENT IS SITUATED.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO CONNECT THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT.
IT IS USED TO DESCRIBE SOMETHING WHICH STARTED IN THE PAST AND:
- HAS A CONNECTION WITH THE PRESENT: I HAVE FINISHED ALL MY EXAMS (SO IAM VERY HAPPY NOW).
- CONTINUES INTO THE PRESENT: I HAVE LIVED HERE FOR 5 YEARS (AND I STILL LIVE HERE NOW).
TIME EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY USED WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT
JUST – A SHORT TIME AGO, QUITE RECENTLY
YET – UNTIL NOW IS USED IN QUESTION FORMS AND NEGATIVES.
ALREADY – USED IN POSITIVE SENTENCES TO INDICATE THAT SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED.
FOR – USED FOR AN AMOUNT OF TIME
SINCE – USED WITH A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME
EVER – AT ANY TIME, USED IN QUESTION FORMS
NEVER – NOT AT ANY TIME, USED IN NEGATIVE SENSE
UP TO NOW – TILL NOW
UNTIL NOW – TILL NOW
SO FAR – TILL NOW
LATELY – RECENTLY
ADVERBS OF TIME
WE OFTEN USE THE ADVERBS: JUST ALREADY AND YET WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT TO TALK ABOUT THINGS THAT HAVE HAPPENED BEFORE NOW AND HAVE A CONNECTION WITH THE PRESENT.
- WE USE JUST TO TALK ABOUT THINGS THAT HAPPENED A SHORT TIME AGO: I HAVE JUST EATEN (I ATE ASHORT TIME AGO).
- WE USE ALREADY TO SAY SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED, OFTEN SOONER THAN EXPECTED. “DO PAGE 23 FOR HOMEWORK!”
“WE HAVE ALREADY DONE THAT PAGE.” (THAT PAGE IS FINISHED NOW SO WE DON’T NEED TO DO IT AGAIN).
NOTE: THESE TWO ADVERBS NORMALLY GO IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SENTENCE, BETWEEN HAVE AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE:
I HAVE JUST BOUGHT SOME NEW TRAINERS.
SHE HAS ALREADY READ THAT BOOK.
- WE OFTEN USE YET IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES WHEN WE EXPECT SOMETHING TO HAPPEN. IT MEANS UNTIL NOW: “HAVE YOU SEEN THE NEW BOND FIL M YET?” “NO, I HAVEN’T SEEN IT YET”. (I HAVEN’T SEEN THE FILM AT A TIME BEFORE NOW BUT I EXPECT I WILL GO).
NOTE: YET NORMALLY GOES AT THE END OF THE QUESTION OR SENTENCE: “HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?” “NO, I HAVEN’T FINISHED YET?”
WE OFTEN USE THE ADVERBS SINCE AND FOR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT TO TALK ABOUT A TIOME THAT STARTED JN THE PAST AND CONTINUES INTO THE PRESENT.
· WE USE SINCE TO TALK ABOUT THE BEGINNING OF A PERIOD OF TIME:
NOAM CHOMSKY HAS WRITTEN MANY BOOKS SINCE 1960
· WE USE FOR TO TALK ABOUT THE WHOLE PERIOD OF TIME:
NOAM CHOMSKY HAS WRITTEN MANY BOOKS FOR OVER 50 YEARS.
NOTE: BEEN AND GONE
THEY HAVE GONE TO SPAIN ON HOLIDAY. (THEY ARE IN SPAIN NOW)
THEY HAVE BEEN TO SPAIN. (THEY WENT TO SPAIN AND THEY HAVE COME BACK)
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE
| PRESENT PERFECT | PAST SIMPLE |
| WE NORMALLY USE PRESENT PERFECT WHEN: | WE NORMALLY US PAST SIMPLE WHEN: |
| WE ARE THINKING ABOUT THE PAST AND THE PRESENT: | WE ARE THINKING ONLY ABOUT THE PAST: |
| I HAVE BROKEN MY ARM SO I CAN’T DO MY MATHS EXAM. | I BROKE MY ARM WHEN I WAS RIDING MY BIKE. |
| JO HAS BOUGHT A TICKET FOR THE CONCERT TONIGHT. | DAVE BOUGHT 2 TICKETS LAST WEEK. |
| WE ARE NOT INTERESTED WHEN THIS ACTION HAPPENED, BUT WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE RESULT NOW: | WE ARE INTERESTED WHEN THIS ACTION HAPPENED: |
| I LOST MY KEYS YESTERDAY (AND I COULDN’T OPEN MY DOOR) | I HAVE LOST MY KEYS (AND NOW I CAN’T OPEN MY DOOR). |
| I HAVE FINISHED MY HOMEWORK (SO I DON’T HAVE TO DO IT NOW). | I DID MY HOMEWORK LAST NIGHT. |
WE CAN ALSO USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO:
WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE:
TALK ABOUT EXPERIENCES OVER TIME THAT STARTED WHEN THESE EXPERIENCES HAPPENED OVER A PERIOD IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES UNTIL NOW, BUT WE DON’T SAY WHEN:
PAST: JRR TOLKIEN WROTE THE LORD OF THE RINGS (HE WON’T WRITE MORE BECAUSE HE IS DEAD).
JK ROWLING HAS WRITTEN 7 BOOKS (SHE MAY WRITE MORE).
I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO JAPAN (UNTIL NOW, BUT I MAY GO IN THE FUTURE).
WHEN I WAS IN ASIA, I VISITED JAPAN (I AM NOT THERE NOW).
WE CAN ALSO USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO GIVE NEWS:
WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE TO ADD MORE DETAILS:
RAFA NADAL HAS WON AGAIN.
HE BEAT ROGER FEDERER.
I HAVE HAD MY HAIR CUT.
I WENT TO THAT NEW HAIRDRESSER’S.