B2 – UNIT 5
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
ACHIEVE (V) TO SUCCEED IN FINISHING SOMETHING OR REACHING A GOAL.
APPRECIATE (V) TO RECOGNIZE THAT SOMETHING IS VALUABLE.
APPROACH (V) A WAY OF CONSIDERING OR DOING SOMETHING.
ASPECT (N) ONE PART OF A SITUATION, PROBLEM OR SUBJECT.
BARRIER (N) ANYTHING THAT PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM BEING TOGETHER OR UNDERSTANDING EACH OTHER.
BILINGUAL (ADJ) THE ABILITY OF A PERSON TO USE TWO LANGUAGES.
CANCEL (V) TO DECIDE THAT AN ORGANISED EVENT WILL NOT HAPPEN.
CHALLENGE (N) SOMETHING THAT IS DIFFICULT AND THAT TESTS SOMEONE’S ABILITY AND DETERMINATION
CLASSMATE (N) SOMEONE WHO IS IN THE SAME CLASS AS YOU AT SCHOOL.
CULTURE (N) THE WAY OF LIFE, CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS OF A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE.
FLATMATE (N) A PERSON WHO SHARES THE SAME APARTMENT WITH ANOTHER PERSON.
FLY BY (V) IF A PERIOD OF TIME FLIES BY, IT SEEMS TO PASS QUICKLY.
FOCUS ON SOMETHING (V) TO GIVE A LOT OF ATTENTION TO ONE PARTICULAR SUBJECT OR THING.
FRUSTRATED (ADJ) FEELING ANNOYED OR LESS CONFIDENT BECAUSE YOU CANNOT ACHIEVE WHAT YOU WANT.
GET TO KNOW (V) TO SPEND TIME WITH SOMEONE OR SOMETHING SO THAT YOU GRADUALLY LEARN MORE ABOUT THEM.
HOMESICK (ADJ) UNHAPPY BECAUSE OF BEING AWAY FROM HOME FOR A LONG PERIOD.
HOSPITALITY (N) WHEN PEOPLE ARE FRIENDLY AND WELCOMING TO GUESTS AND VISITORS.
IMMERSE YOURSELF IN SOMETHING (V) TO BECOME COMPLETELY INVOLVED IN SOMETHING.
INDEPENDENT (ADJ) NOT NEEDING ANYTHING ELSE TO HELP YOU OR DO THINGS FOR YOU.
INITIAL (ADJ) OF OR AT THE BEGINNING.
INTENSIVE (ADJ) INVOLVING A LOT OF EFFORT.
MARKED (ADJ) DESCRIBES A CHANGE OR DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR THAT IS OBVIOUS AND NOTICEABLE.
MASTER (V) TO LEARN HOW TO DO SOMETHING WELL.
OVERHEAR (V) TO HEAR WHAT OTHER PEOPLE ARE SAYING WITHOUT INTENDING TO AND WITHOUT THEIR KNOWLEDGE.
QUALIFICATION (N) AN OFFICIAL RECORD SHOWING THAT YOU HAVE FINISHED A TRAINING COURSE.
REMIND (V) TO MAKE SOMEONE THINK OF SOMETHING THEY HAVE FORGOTTEN OR MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTEN.
RESEARCH (N) A DETAILED STUDY OF A SUBJECT, ESPECIALLY IN ORDER TO DISCOVER INFORMATION.
SCARE (V) TO CAUSE SOMEONE TO BE FRIGHTENED.
THEORETICAL (ADJ) BASED ON THE IDEAS THAT RELATE TO A SUBJECT.
UNIQUE (ADJ) BEING THE ONLY EXISTING ONE OF ITS TYPE OR GENERALLY UNUSUAL AND SPECIAL IN SOME WAY.
B2 – UNIT 5
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
ZERO, FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS
WE USE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TO TALK ABOUT POSSIBLE SITUATIONS OR ACTIONS (IF…) AND THE POSSIBLE RESULTS OF THIS SITUATION OE ACTION:
NOTE: IF THE SITUATION COMES FIRST, A COMMA IS USED. IF THE RESULT COMES FIRST, NO COMMA IS USED.
CONDITIONALS ARE OFTEN DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES:
TYPE 0 OR ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF+PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT TENSE: IF OUR TEAMS WINS A MATCH, OUR COACH IS HAPPY. (=HE IS HAPPY EVERY TIME WE WIN.)
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL IS USED TO TALK ABOUT THINGS WHICH ARE ALWAYS GENERALLY TRUE.
TYPE 1 OR FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF+PRESENT TENSE, FUTURE: IF OUR TEAM WINS THIS MATCH, WE WILL WIN THE COMPETITION. (=I THINK THE TEAM COULD WIN.)
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL IS USED TO TALK ABOUT A REAL POSSIBILITY IN THE FUTURE.
TYPE 2 OR SECOND CONDITIONAL
IF+PAST TENSE, WOULD+INFINITIVE: IF OUR TEAM WON ALL THE MATCHES, WE WOULD BE THE CHAMPIONS! (=I DON’T THINK WE WILL WIN ALL THE MATCHES.)
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL IS USED WHEN THE SPEAKER IS IMAGINING A SITUATION THAT WILL PROBABLY NOT HAPPEN.
WHEN DECIDING WHETHER TO USE THE FIRST OR SECOND CONDITIONAL, YOU NEED TO THINK ABOUT WHETHER EACH SITUATION IS A REAL POSSIBILITY OR NOT FOR YOU:
IF IT RAINS AT THE WEEKEND, I WILL GO TO THE CINEMA. (=I THINK IT COULD RAIN.)
IF IT RAINED IN THE DESERT, PLANTS WOULD GROW. (I AM SURE IT WON’T RAIN.)
WHEN, IF, UNLESS + PRESENT, FUTURE
WE CAN USE WHEN IF OR UNLESS TO TALK ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF THINGS HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE:
WE USE WHEN FOR THINGS WE ARE SURE WILL HAPPEN: WHEN I GET HOME, I WILL WATCH TV. (I AM SURE I WILL GET HOME.)
WE USE IF FOR THINGS THAT MAY HAPPEN: IF I GET HOME BEFORE 8 PM, I WILL WATCH THE FILM. (I AM NOT SURE I WILL GET HOME BEFORE 8 PM BUT IT IS POSSIBLE.)
UNLESS CAN GENERALLY REPLACE IF…NOT AND MEANS EXCEPT IF: I WILL WATCH THE FILM UNLESS I GET HOME TOO LATE.
(=I WILL WATCH THE FILM IF I DON’T GET HOME TOO LATE / I PLAN TO WATCH THE FILM EXCEPT IF I GET HOME TOO LATE.)
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
WHEN WE ASK FOR INFORMATION, WE SOMETIMES USE INDIRECT QUESTIONS TO SOUND MORE POLITE.
EXPRESSIONS USED TO INTRODUCE INDIRECT QUESTIONS INCLUDE:
I WAS WONDERING, I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, COULD YOU TELL ME, ETC.
DIRECT QUESTION: ‘WHERE DO YOU LIVE?’,‘WHAT ARE YOU DOING LATER?’, ‘HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?’
INDIRECT QUESTION: I WAS WONDERING WHERE YOU LIVE. COULD YOU TELL ME WHAT YOU ARE DOING LATER. I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF YOU HAVE FINISHED YET.
AS FOR REPORTED QUESTIONS, WHEN A DIRECT QUESTION BECOMES PART OF A LONGER, INDIRECT QUESTION, WE MAKE THE FOLLOWING CHANGES:
CHANGE THE WORD ORDER IN THE DIRECT QUESTION TO THE SAME AS A NORMAL SENTENCE:
DIRECT QUESTION: ‘HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED HERE?’
INDIRECT QUESTION: I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW HOW LONG YOU HAVE LIVED HERE.
DO NOT USE DO, DOES OR DID AS AN AUXILIARY VERB:
DIRECT QUESTION: ‘DO YOU PLAY TENNIS EVERY DAY?’
INDIRECT QUESTION: COULD YOU TELL ME IF YOU PLAY TENNIS EVERY DAY?
ALSO, AS FOR REPORTED SPEECH, WE USE THE SAME QUESTIONS WORDS (WHAT, WHERE, WHEN ETC.) BUT IF THERE IS NO QUESTION WORD, WE USE IF OR WHETHER:
DIRECT QUESTION ‘WHERE DID YOU GO?’ INDIRECT QUESTION I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHERE YOU WENT.
HOWEVER, UNLIKE IN REPORTED QUESTIONS, IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS:
- THE TENSE STAYS THE SAME:
DIRECT QUESTION: ‘WILL HE LEAVE SOON?’
INDIRECT QUESTION: I WAS WONDERING IF HE WILL LEAVE SOON.
WE USE A QUESTION MARK WHEN THE INTRODUCTORY EXPRESSION IS A QUESTION:
COULD YOU TELL ME WHERE THE BANK IS?
WE USE A FULL STOP WHEN THE INTRODUCTORY QUESTION IS NOT A QUESTION:
I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHERE THE BANK IS.